@article{Daly2014,

title = {Exploration of the neural correlates of cerebral palsy for sensorimotor BCI control},

author = {Ian Daly and Josef Faller and Reinhold Scherer and Catherine Sweeney-Reed and Slawomir J. Nasuto and Martin Billinger and Gernot Müller-Putz},

url = {http://www.iandaly.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Exploration-of-the-neural-correlates-of-cerebral-palsy-for-sensorimotor-BCI-control.pdf},

doi = {10.3389/fneng.2014.00020},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-07-09},

journal = {Frontiers in Neuroengineering},

volume = {7},

number = {20},

abstract = {Cerebral palsy (CP) includes a broad range of disorders, which can result in impairment of posture and movement control. Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have been proposed as assistive devices for individuals with CP. Better understanding of the neural processing underlying motor control in affected individuals could lead to more targeted BCI rehabilitation and treatment options. We have explored well-known neural correlates of movement, including event-related desynchronization (ERD), phase synchrony, and a recently-introduced measure of phase dynamics, in participants with CP and healthy control participants. Although present, significantly less ERD and phase locking were found in the group with CP. Additionally, inter-group differences in phase dynamics were also significant. Taken together these findings suggest that users with CP exhibit lower levels of motor cortex activation during motor imagery, as reflected in lower levels of ongoing mu suppression and less functional connectivity. These differences indicate that development of BCIs for individuals with CP may pose additional challenges beyond those faced in providing BCIs to healthy individuals.},

keywords = {BCI, Cerebral palsy, ERD, Motor imagery},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Daly2013cpBCI,

title = {On the control of Brain-computer interfaces by users with Cerebral palsy},

author = {Ian Daly and Martin Billinger and Jose Laparra-Hernandez and Fabio Aloise and Mariano Lloria Garcia and Josef Faller and Reinhold Scherer and Gernot Muller-Putz},

url = {http://www.iandaly.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/draft_6-0.pdf},

doi = {10.1016/j.clinph.2013.02.118},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-09-01},

journal = {Clinical Neurophysiology},

volume = {124},

number = {9},

pages = {1787-1797},

abstract = {OBJECTIVE:

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have been proposed as a potential assistive device for individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) to assist with their communication needs. However, it is unclear how well-suited BCIs are to individuals with CP. Therefore, this study aims to investigate to what extent these users are able to gain control of BCIs.

METHODS:

This study is conducted with 14 individuals with CP attempting to control two standard online BCIs (1) based upon sensorimotor rhythm modulations, and (2) based upon steady state visual evoked potentials.

RESULTS:

Of the 14 users, 8 are able to use one or other of the BCIs, online, with a statistically significant level of accuracy, without prior training. Classification results are driven by neurophysiological activity and not seen to correlate with occurrences of artifacts. However, many of these users' accuracies, while statistically significant, would require either more training or more advanced methods before practical BCI control would be possible.

CONCLUSIONS:

The results indicate that BCIs may be controlled by individuals with CP but that many issues need to be overcome before practical application use may be achieved.

SIGNIFICANCE:

This is the first study to assess the ability of a large group of different individuals with CP to gain control of an online BCI system. The results indicate that six users could control a sensorimotor rhythm BCI and three a steady state visual evoked potential BCI at statistically significant levels of accuracy (SMR accuracies; mean ± STD, 0.821 ± 0.116, SSVEP accuracies; 0.422 ± 0.069).},

keywords = {BCI, Cerebral palsy, ERD, Motor imagery, SSVEP},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}